Nao tutorial 1: First steps
The purpose of this tutorial is to teach you the basic concepts of Nao. I assume that you are staring at the robot's box after (hopefully) buying it, and that you want to start making cool things with it, like conquering the world. You are wondering how to do that, but you don't even know how to plug the robot.
I will take you, step by step, through the first tasks that you should complete before going serious. Even if I will try to make it easy, certain previous knowledge is required, like basic programming and Linux concepts. Also, I would recommend you to read the official documentation and tutorials found here (section "Software") before going forth. In case of doubt, always trust them.
NOTE: This tutorial is targeted for version 1.10.10 of the SDK and OS. Older versions like 1.8.16 or 1.6.13 are not likely to work.
Contents
Getting everything ready
OK, the first thing you should do is to get a testing environment ready. By "testing environment" I mean:
- A room with enough space.
- A computer running Linux (Debian or Ubuntu preferably).
- A simple LAN with a router.
WARNING: Be aware that Nao is very prone to fall should you do something wrong. Don't be afraid, but keep it in mind.
Let's begin. Place Nao somewhere in the middle of the room, so he has freedom of movement. Try to keep it apart from places or objects that could make him fall or get jammed. Also, note that you will eventually need to plug it to the power (whenever you need to recharge his battery), and to the LAN (in case he is not able to connect wirelessly). The power connector is on Nao's back, facing downwards. In fact, you will be plugging it directly to the battery, which is behind the cover (it has 4 screws that you must remove in order to access it).
Finally, the Ethernet socket is located behind the head. You may need to open the protective hatch, or completely remove the head's cover, whichever one you prefer.
Connecting to Nao
When everything is set, press Nao's chest button once to turn it on. His eyes will start blinking red, green and blue. Then, some other blue LEDs located on his ears will do the same, and the eyes will stop blinking. Later, both the eyes and chest button will come alive again with a stable white light, and the robot will tell you that it has finished loading his system. The whole process lasts about two minutes and you will get soon tired of it, I promise.
Now, you must connect to Nao to do some first-time configuration. It pays to have a simple router-based LAN with DHCP dynamic addressing, otherwise you will complicate your life, trust me.
Recovering the IP address
We need to get the IP address Nao has bonded to, before trying to connect to him. There are a couple of ways to do it, some easier than others, and I will enumerate them all:
Using the router
This is the hard way. Most routers offer an option to list the clients that are connected to it, through the web interface. But you need the router's IP. Input the following command in your PC (obviously, you must be in the same LAN as Nao):
sudo ifconfig
Seek your network adapter in the list (usually eth0 for the first Ethernet card, eth1 for the second...) and look for your IP address (mine is 192.168.1.101). Your router's IP will be probably the same, only changing the last number for 1 or 0 (e.g., 192.168.1.1). Open a web browser and input that IP in the address bar. Press Enter and you will be prompted for the router's username and password. You should know them, but if that's not the case go here for a list of default ones.
When you're in, seek for a menu option that will show you the connected clients. Nao's IP should be next to yours.
Mapping the network
Easier than the previous. You can scan the network for online hosts, using a network mapper program. For example, I will use nmap. Install it using the following command if you are using Debian or Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install nmap -y
And then do a ping scan over your network (change the first three numbers of the IP to match your network):
sudo nmap -sP 192.168.1.1-255
Nao will appear in the list, with something like "Host 192.168.1.102 is up (0.00018s latency)". Your own computer will be shown, but with no latency.
Asking Nao
The easier way, but you will need to get up and walk a bit. Just approach Nao and press his chest button once. It will briefly blink in green, and then Nao will beep and speak his name, internet address and battery level. If it says "I can't connect to the network", check the router and Ethernet cable.
Web interface
Open a web browser, enter your Nao's IP as destination and hit Enter. If everything went OK, you should now see the robot's web interface (a login screen) appear. Enter "nao" as both the username and password and press Enter.
The "About" screen will welcome you. Here you can check a lot of useful data about your robot, like the OS version he is running, which modules has he loaded, etc. Clicking on a module's name will show the available methods that it implements, and their descriptions. Quite handy.
Connecting to a wifi
When you're done, go to the "Network" menu. Here you will see a list of wireless networks, that Nao has detected using his wifi card. This is your chance to make Nao use a wireless network instead of the Ethernet cable, something very appealing because it will allow him to move freely across the room.
Do not hesitate and click on the name of the network you want. Then choose the "Connect" button, give in the password and confirm. That's it, Nao should bind to your router wirelessly from now on. Come back to this menu whenever you want to make him "forget" this network.
Changing the name
Only one menu remains, "Settings" ("Advanced" is not important right now). Go there and behold the amount of available options, like name, buddy icon, password, speaker volume... Don't worry, most of them are useless to us. Simply type a new name for the robot in the first field, as the default "Nao" is a somewhat dull name, and click "Change". A message will appear telling you to reboot your Nao to make the change have effect. We will deal with that later. You can now log out (to the right of "Advanced") and close the browser.
SSH
SSH means "Secure Shell" and is a protocol that allows you to log in remotely to a computer, in a safe way. No Linux user should die without doing this at least once, and it's pretty much needed for your daily work with Nao. It allows you to make a lot of things without leaving your chair.
Logging in
Almost every Linux distribution comes with a SSH client by default. If not, issue:
sudo apt-get install ssh -y
Retrieve your Nao's IP address using any of the methods explained in earlier sections, open a terminal or console and enter ssh nao@<IP>, like:
ssh nao@192.168.1.102
You may be prompted to accept a certificate if this is the first time you connect with the robot (or machine). Enter "yes". Finally, give "nao" as password and you'll be in. The robot runs a lite Linux distribution, with most of the commands and features we all know, so I will only explain a few things.
Important things
Changing the root's password
The user "root" has permissions to do everything he wants in a Linux machine. You can give its account a new password and use it to do login next time, because most files and folders require elevated privileges to be modified. Enter the following in your SSH session
su
to log in as root (there is no password by default). Now enter
passwd
and type and confirm a new password. Use it the next time you need to SSH inside Nao, with:
ssh root@192.168.1.102
NOTE: you must be root to complete the following steps.
Name
There is a way to change the name of your robot without using the web interface. Now that you are root, edit the following file with:
nano /etc/hostname
When you are done, save the file with Ctrl+O and Enter, and leave the editor with Ctrl+X. The name change will be applied after rebooting (more on this later).
Network interfaces
If you need to modify the way Nao connects to the network, and you can't access the web interface, then you should edit his file:
nano /etc/network/interfaces
Here you can define which network interfaces Nao should use (it has two, eth0 for Ethernet and wlan0 for wireless) and their properties, like IP address or netmask if your router is configured for static addressing. To see the available options and the correct syntax, do the following in your PC, not in Nao:
man interfaces
Modules
Sooner or later (specially if you decide to follow the next tutorials) you will have to compile code for your Nao. This code is usually assembled in form of dynamic libraries called "modules", that are placed somewhere inside your Nao and loaded at startup. The precise location where you should put your libraries for them to be loaded is /home/nao/naoqi/lib/naoqi/ and, because it does not exist by default, you must create it now. Do it by using the commands cd (travel to a directory) and mkdir (create directory), like:
cd /home/nao mkdir naoqi cd naoqi mkdir lib cd lib mkdir naoqi
Any modules that you compile (which are named lib<name>.so) should be moved there. But just having them in the folder won't do any good, unless you tell Nao to load them at startup. The list of loadable modules is defined in a file called autoload.ini. Usually, there will be two copies of this file. The first (original) one is in /opt/naoqi/preferences/autoload.ini and should be left unchanged.
The second one you must create manually. It is named the same way, only that it will be saved in /opt/naoqi/preferences/. Nao will first look for this file, and revert back to the original in case it does not exist. So, create the folder if needed:
cd /home/nao/naoqi mkdir preferences
And copy the file:
cp /home/nao/naoqi/preferences/autoload.ini /home/nao/naoqi/preferences/
It will remain there, ready to be modified for the next tutorials.
WARNING: Trying to create this file from scratch, or copying it from Naoqi SDK instead of Nao's /opt/, may result in the lack of some critical libraries.
Ending a session
If you are done toying with Nao through SSH, let's end this tutorial once and for all. There are a couple of options available. First, you could just log out and end your SSH session, with:
exit
If you issued su to become root, you will need to exit twice, because the first one will just return you to the normal "nao" account.
But for this occasion, we will do something different. Remember when I said that the changes you made would not be applied until you rebooted the robot? Continue to the next section.
Shutting down
Nao can be turned down or rebooted in a few manners.
Using SSH
If you did not end your SSH session, this is the most comfortable way.
Reboot
Enter the following command, as root:
reboot
Complicated, wasn't it? Nao will shutdown completely and restart after, to continue working, using the new configuration.
Shutdown
If you no longer need the robot, it is wise to turn it off, as the heating and power consumption are not precisely small. Enter this as root:
halt
NOTE: Your SSH session may hang short after issuing reboot or shutdown commands, due to the connection loss. Quickly exit the session to avoid this.
Physically
Approach Nao and press the chest button. Hold it pressed for about 5 seconds. Nao will produce a "shutdown" sound. Release the button and wait for it to turn off. If you need to reboot, just turn it on again pressing once.
Conclussions
You now know how to work with Nao (read this aloud, three times!). Throughout the next tutorials, I will explain how to develop for the robot, starting with your first, basic examples. Don't forget to read the official documentation, where you will find another introductory tutorial like this one. Also, I encourage you to keep playing with Nao and testing new things. Just remember not to leave him alone near firearms.
Next tutorial: Nao tutorial 2: First module
